ABSTRACT
Physical activity (PA) interventions deployed using eHealth technologies have been shown to improve cardiovascular health (CVH) and physical function in older adults. This study tested the preliminary efficacy of a 12-week hybrid (web-based and center-based) PA intervention combining the use of a smartwatch and mobile application. Our intervention was concurrently implemented in-person at the local senior welfare center and at-home through a web-based modality. Participants (n = 120) had an average age of 72.7 year and were largely female (75%). Health status was categorized as low-risk (26.7%), middle-risk (43.3%), and high-risk (30%). Overall, increases were evident in diastolic blood pressure (t = -3.55, p < .01), and high-density-lipoprotein (t = -3.02, p < .01), with decreases seen for triglyceride levels (t = 2.42, p < .05) at posttest. Participants showed improvements in muscular function (t = -3.75, p < .001) and cardiopulmonary endurance (t = -2.34, p < .05). Moreover, while controlling for covariate, participants in the middle-risk health category showed lower diastolic blood pressure (b = -4.54, p < .05) and greater triglyceride levels (b = 37.74, p < .001) and cardiopulmonary endurance (b = 6.98, p < .05) than those within the low-risk health group. Participants with high-risk health showed greater triglyceride levels than those with low-risk group (b = 40.57, p < .001). Further studies should test a PA intervention using a randomized controlled trial design, with the expansion of the surveyed covariates and possible important mechanistic confounders.
ABSTRACT
The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic had a profound impact on blood services operations in Korea. Blood collection was affected due to decrease in donor availability caused by avoidance of public places, social distancing policies, and cancellation of blood drives. The negative impact on blood collection was more pronounced with the COVID-19 pandemic than with other outbreaks experienced previously such as the influenza (H1N1) outbreak or the Middle East respiratory virus (MERS) pandemic. To cope with the blood shortage, campaigns to appeal for blood donation, raise public awareness on the importance of blood donation and gain donor's confidence in safe blood donation were implemented using mass communication media such as TV and radio broadcasting as well as postings on various social media platforms. Upon Korean Red Cross Blood Services's (KRCBS) request, the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MoHW) approved the relaxation of the geographical restrictions regarding indigenous malaria thus enabling collection of more than 23,000 units of whole blood. To mitigate even a theoretical risk of transfusion-transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via blood donation from pre-symptomatic COVID-19 donors, the KRCBS received the data on COVID-19 identified cases from the Korean Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) from the early get-go of the pandemic for cross referencing to donors for further recipient investigation and recall of blood products not transfused. Communication with donors, staff members, national health authorities, hospital customers and other stakeholders was and remains of utmost importance to respond to this unprecedented situation which is still ongoing.Copyright © Annals of Blood. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has surged owing to an increasing requirement of remote, noncontact, and technologically advanced interactions. However, with the increased demand for drones across a wide range of fields, their malicious use has also increased. Therefore, an anti-UAV system is required to detect unauthorized drone use. In this study, we propose a radio frequency (RF) based solution that uses 15 drone controller signals. The proposed method can solve the problems associated with the RF based detection method, which has poor classification accuracy when the distance between the controller and antenna increases or the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) decreases owing to the presence of a large amount of noise. For the experiment, we changed the SNR of the controller signal by adding white Gaussian noise to SNRs of -15 to 15 dB at 5 dB intervals. A power-based spectrogram image with an applied threshold value was used for convolution neural network training. The proposed model achieved 98% accuracy at an SNR of -15 dB and 99.17% accuracy in the classification of 105 classes with 15 drone controllers within 7 SNR regions. From these results, it was confirmed that the proposed method is both noise-tolerant and scalable.
ABSTRACT
Given the onset of COVID-19, older adults who recently lost their significant others feel more stressed. There yet exist a study utilizing smartphones for web-based delivery of mindfulness intervention among bereaved older adults. Therefore, this study aimed to test the initial efficacy of an app-based mindfulness-meditation (AMM) to alleviate stress and depressive symptoms and improve stress resistance, social support, and self-esteem in Korean older adults experiencing bereavement. Participants included 22 Korean older adults who had been bereaved within the preceding year. AMM involved sound therapy, breathing exercises, and narrated meditation sessions, and the program was conducted over eight weeks. The linear regression results showed that stress level among participants was significantly lower after the intervention, with decreased scores from the baseline. By confirming that AMM is an effective way of reducing stress, more active usage of devices like smartphones should be promoted to develop mental health interventions for older adults.
ABSTRACT
Asian Americans one of the fastest growing older adult populations in the U.S., and are emerging as a high-need, lower-income population. Inclusion of Asian Americans in research is critical given anti-Asian rhetoric and hate crimes targeting Asian American older adults and because Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial/ethnic group in the U.S. We focus on recruitment strategies used during the implementation of 11 primary collection data efforts, including national and regional community health resources and needs assessment surveys, launched during the COVID-19 pandemic (starting May 2020). Unique recruitment challenges included the heterogeneity of language, culture, and sociodemographic characteristics of participants, digital literacy, and survey fatigue. Effective recruitment facilitators included: prioritizing community engagement at all research stages;aligning the research purpose with community priorities;recruitment through community-based organizations and bilingual community health workers;translating survey instruments;and regularly scheduled meetings with community-based organizations to discuss the survey progress.
ABSTRACT
Background: Low total CO2 (tCO2) levels are significantly associated with allcause mortality. Lots of factors are related to the poor prognosis of COVID-19, it was a lack of data to evaluate the impact of tCO2. We evaluated the impact of metabolic acidosis on all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Method(s): We retrospectively reviewed the data from two independent hospitals that care for admitted patients with COVID-19 between February 2020 and September 2021. We excluded subjects with underlying end-stage kidney disease, no data of tCO2 value, and age under 18 years old. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. We evaluate the impact of tCO2 as a continuous variable on mortality using the Cox-proportional hazard model. In addition, we tried to find the relative value of tCO2 to increase the risk of mortality using a generalized additive model. We also evaluated the impact of such a value of tCO2 and 22mEq/L of tCO2 on mortality. Result(s): A total of 4,423 patients were included, and the mean age was 54.7+/-18.3 years old. Mean tCO2 was 26.2+/-3.6 mEq/L, and there were 792 (17.9%) with tCO2 <22 mEq/L. Increased in 1 mEq/L of tCO2 significantly decreased risk for all-cause mortality after adjustment with age, sex, history of hypertension, diabetes, and laboratory results such as serum white blood count, hemoglobin, platelet, calcium, phosphate, albumin, and eGFR (adjusted HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91, 0.99). We found that the level of 24 mEq/L of tCO2 as a cut-off value to increase risk of mortality. In the Cox-proportional hazard model, the risk of all-cause mortality was significantly increased by around 1.6 times in subjects with lower tCO2 irrespective of the cut-off value of 22 or 24 mEq/L. Conclusion(s): Decreased tCO2 significantly increased the risk of all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Monitoring of tCO2 could be a good indicator to predict prognosis, and it needs to be considered to encourage in patients with a specific condition.
ABSTRACT
This study analyzes the trends of studies on Ayurveda in Korea. Ayurveda is a natural healing system that heals the body, mind, and soul as a traditional medicine in India. The importance of natural healing is being emphasized more domestically and internationally, and various methods and healing theories that increase an individual's immunity are being re-evaluated. Against this background of the times, it is urgently necessary to analyze the trends of Ayurveda studies. This study used domestic journals and degree theses of the Research Information Sharing Service (RISS) from January 1997 to June. The data were searched through the keywords 'Ayurveda (Korean)' or "Ayurveda." For data analysis, descriptive statistical analysis was performed. As a result of the research, a total of 193 theses were published, including 57 master's theses, 28 doctoral theses, and 108 academic theses. Among the results, Mee-Sook Cheong (23 articles, 11.94%) wrote the most research papers. In terms of gender, there was a difference in the number of female researchers nearly three times that of male researchers. By the year, 2020 had the highest number of publications. In terms of study methods, there were many literature studies, followed by quantitative studies. By study institute, Changwon University produced the most master's theses and Dong-Bang Culture University had the most doctoral. In conclusion, what learned through this study was that the natural healing system of Ayurveda, a classical medicine, moved with the flow of time. The results can be concluded based on the trends of the condition of well-being and the trends within the condition of COVID-19. The results will also provide basic data for future researchers on trends in Ayurvedic studies. (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by IASE. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
ABSTRACT
RATIONALE Metabolic syndrome phenotypic characteristics and nutritional intake are modifiable biomarkers of particulate matter (PM) associated aerodigestive and cardiovascular disease. Nutritional questionnaires, such as the Rapid Eating Assessment for Participants (REAP-S), can assess the dietary phenotype of our FDNY World Trade Center-Health Program (WTC-HP) cohort. METHODS Cardiovascular disease (CVD) included myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina, coronary artery surgery/angioplasty, or CVD related death. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) cases were WTC-certified cases. WTC-Lung Injury (WTC-LI) was defined as FEV1<LLN at any time point after 9/11. REAP-S was deployed in the WTC-HP annual monitoring assessment. Clinical and REAP-S data accrued from March, 2018 to October, 2021. Scores (ranging 15-39) were categorized into low-dietary [15-19], moderate-dietary [20-29], and high-dietary [30-39] quality. REAP-S questions were assessed as distinct food categories. Mean± standard deviation (SD) expressed as continuous variables. Student t-tests compared clinical data of those with and without disease. One-way ANOVA was used in a subgroup analysis. Arrival time data, used as a proxy for WTC-particulate matter (WTC-PM) exposure, was a dichotomous variable. RESULTS Subjects (N=3,508) completed REAP-S after the database lock date(July 17, 2019) for our prior publication. Mean REAP-S score for the overall cohort(N= 4,073) was 26.48±4.61. CVD patients, had a mean REAP-S score of 26.51±4.43, age (years) at 9/11 was 44.62±7.02, and BMI (kg/m2) was 30.25±4.41. GERD patients, had a mean REAP-S score of 26.50±4.61, age at 9/11 was 41.03±6.95, and BMI was 29.91±4.32. WTC-LI subjects had a mean REAP-S of 26.40±4.39, age of 40.52±7.13, and BMI was 30.31±4.92. When WTC-LI subjects were categorized into dietary quality groups, it was found that their BMI significantly differed from each other, p=0.034. Subjects that complete their questionnaire after July 17, 2019-prior data lock date, had significantly lower mean REAP-S when compared to those with pre-July 17, 2019 data;26.01±4.46 vs 29.43±4.39 respectively, p<0.001. When comparing those with or without CVD or GERD, there was no significance between their average REAP-S score. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of REAPS into the FDNY WTC-HP annual questionnaire remains successful. Continued accrual of data of these unique dietary phenotypes within our cohort will further enrich our longitudinal data set. While it is unclear why more recent REAP-S data is significantly different, possible contributors include societal and clinical stressors such as aging, COVID-19, and confounding comorbidities. Future studies could focus on further defining and intervening on these risk factors to more positively impact on WTC-aerodigestive and cardiovascular disease.
ABSTRACT
Blood transfusion is an essential part of health care service and securing a safe and adequate blood supply relies on a chain of complex activities: voluntary donation, collection, testing, processing and distribution to hospitals. Past pandemics, such as the 2002-2004 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak or the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, have taught us that all these crucial steps in the blood supply chain can be disrupted. Therefore, it was no surprise that the COVID-19 pandemic had a profound impact on blood collection from the very beginning. Social distancing and lockdown policies, people's reluctance to attend collection venues for fear of getting infected, misconception about safety of blood donation were major reasons for the significant decrease in donor turnout at fixed donation sites. Blood drives were cancelled because of closure of schools and universities. Organizations were reluctant to host donation drives that requires gathering of large groups of people, all compounding the blood shortage. Strategies to mitigate the risk of virus transmission in the donation setting included measuring donor temperature, hand sanitization, wearing masks, physical distancing and encouraging appointments for donation to limit the number of people in donation rooms. Additional donor deferral criteria were put in place based on respiratory symptoms and fever, contact with individuals suspected or confirmed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and travel history. In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was of utmost importance that blood services addressed misinformation and misconception about blood donation. Using various channels such as TV, radio, newspapers and social media platforms, information regarding measures taken to ensure donor safety were communicated to maintain donor confidence in the safety of the blood donation environment and also raise awareness on the need and importance of regular blood donation. Blood services also needed to maintain close communication with the national authorities and hospitals to respond to changing situations of the pandemic and the blood supply situation in a timely and proportional manner. Entering the third year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the emergence of a new variant leading to a resurgence of COVID-19 cases not only impacted donor population but also caused staff shortages to an extend that blood services were not able to operate at full capacity. The continuous disruption of the blood supply chain lead to relaxation of donor deferral criteria in some countries not to compromise availability. Blood services all around the world have to deal with a blood crisis that was never experienced before and all stakeholders involved should take care not to impair the blood supply because of concerns about a theoretical possibility of transfusion transmission.
ABSTRACT
Due to the increasing use of the Internet, the development of the information society, and public awareness about health, many patients are using the Internet to find health information. In addition, medical field information retrieval is exploding to retrieve specific medical knowledge about diseases due to the current corona pandemic and the prevalence of mobile handsets such as smartphones. Currently, much of the knowledge information in the medical field is provided in ontology, a method of expressing knowledge information. However, medical knowledge built in this ontology form requires the general user to know basic logic-based representations of ontology, such as the web ontology language OWL and semantic web technologies, for searching. Furthermore, the usage and understanding of the SPARQL protocol and RDF query language (SPARQL), a formalized query language in the form of ontology, is essential. To overcome the limitations of this ontology form of knowledge retrieval, this paper proposes the stroke medical ontology question and answering (QA) system that can analyze user medical knowledge in natural language form for medical knowledge curation services and automatically convert it to the structured query language, SPARQL. The proposed system analyzes questions and answers through query analysis, s each syntax word through top-level medical ontology, and deduces the structured query template for ed questions and answers based on SWRL to complete the structured query template.
ABSTRACT
Since the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, many elderly people have been infected in elderly care facilities, so there is a very high demand for preventing the spread of infectious diseases in elderly care facilities. In this study, as one of the measures to suppress mass cross-infection in the elderly care facility, it was attempted to derive appropriate area standards for the residents' living space. The study targets the living units of nursing homes for the elderly with 30 or more people, and the study was conducted through domestic and international standards review, infectious disease management guidelines, facility visits, and interviews with related staffs working in elderly care facilities. As a result of the study, it was found that the optimized size of the living unit is 16 people or less, and it is necessary to install an isolation room for each living unit and a special bedroom for each nursing unit. The floor area of the bedroom is 35.4㎡ (8.9㎡/person) for a 4-bed room, 27.7㎡ (9.2㎡/person) for a 3-bed room, 22.2㎡ (11.1㎡/person) for a 2-bed room, and 13.0㎡ for a single bedroom. The common living room is used by all members of the living unit in normal, but when infectious diseases are spread, it is necessary to secure at least 2.3㎡/person on the premise that half of the elderly people in a unit uses this living area simultaneously in consideration of social distancing and density. These area standards were calculated in consideration of the elderly life, provision of nursing care services, and infection control, and can be used to improve the building standards of elderly care facilities. © 2021 Architectural Institute of Korea.
ABSTRACT
Recently, attention has been focused on services that combine medical technology with ICT technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, Internet of Things, and block chains. In addition, Research on healthcare services that can collect bio signal data through wearable sensors using IoT technology and monitor and manage health based on the collected data is increasing significantly. In particular, in a situation where the world is entering a rapidly aging society, health care services are being researched and developed in the direction of preventing diseases in advance and maintaining a healthy life. Healthcare services are bringing important changes in the pandemic era caused by covid-19. There is a need for a system capable of efficiently sharing and exchanging information of heterogeneous services to prevent emergencies and support optimal medical services. In this paper, we designed and developed a system that can collect, convert, and store bio-signals from various wearable sensors into international standard data to develop such healthcare services. HL7 (health level seven) FHIR (fast healthcare interoperability resources) applied mutandis in this paper is a standard protocol for data exchange between medical information systems of real-Time collected bio signals. In this paper, we implement an interface module that converts bio signals such as EEG (electroencephalography), ECG (electrocardiogram), EMG (electromyography), and PPG (photoplethysmography) collected in real time from a wearable sensor into a message structure defined by HL7 FHIR. The interface module consists of a client part and a server part. The client part generates a variety of signal data from the healthcare service user and delivers the message to the server part. The server part is designed and implemented to parse the received message by segment field unit and transmit whether the message is abnormal or not to the client part. The system designed and implemented in this paper will be utilized as a technology that can mutually share and exchange medical information in a customized healthcare service that reflects the needs of various customers and a telemedicine system. © 2021 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: This study was performed to explore and describe the overall clinical practice adaptation experiences among nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This qualitative study applied the grounded theory method by Corbin and Strauss. Data were collected from May to August 2021 through individual in-depth interviews with 14 nursing students from three universities in B metropolitan city. Results: From open coding, 20 sub-categories and 10 categories were identified. Analysis revealed that the core category was the process of "keeping the place of learning while adhering to the restrictions of the era of pandemic" and that it consisted of four phases: confusion, withdrawal, adjustment, and growth. Through this process, participants utilized various action/interactional strategies such as "shifting to positive thinking," "building a shield to protect oneself," and "focusing on learning." The consequences of these strategies were "adapting to the reality of the infectious disease situation" and "strengthening a foothold to grow as a future nurse." Conclusion: An in-depth understanding of nursing students' experiences of adapting to clinical practice during the COVID-19 pandemic will guide nursing educators to promote effective teaching strategies to better support nursing students in a time of infectious disease crisis. Copyright © 2022 Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.
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Study Purpose: Immigrants and foreign-born individuals, many with low English proficiency and low socio-economic status, make up a high proportion of the population in New York City (NYC). Immigrant populations have distinct demographic, immigration, social and biological histories, and environmental exposures that differentially impact their cancer risk profiles. However, while data on cancer incidence and mortality are widely available in this group, data on cancer-related social and behavioral priorities and resources among immigrant, low-income, low-English proficient communities is sparse. Methods: Our research focus is to engage community stakeholders to identify multilevel determinants surrounding cancer prevention and disparities and assess resources available to adults within NYU Langone's Perlmutter Cancer Center (PCC) catchment area with a focus on racial/ethnic minority and immigrant populations through a health resources and needs assessment survey. With this research focus, we harmonized measures across questionnaires from other NCI-designated Community and Engagement Core (COE) Centers. Further, health priorities and questions in the survey were informed by listening sessions with diverse community partners and feedback from NYU PCC clinicians and basic scientists. We are translating the survey questionnaire into 8 languages commonly used in the geographical area of focus to prioritize data collection among immigrants in NYC: namely, Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, Haitian Creole, Korean, Spanish, Russian, Urdu. Data collection will be conducted through Open REDCap and paper surveys (n=1200). We are simultaneously developing a multilingual REDCap survey tool to be administered in the identified languages. Results: Participant recruitment strategies are tailored to survey hard-to-reach, low-English proficient communities through in-person recruitment, social media outreach, and engaging existing community-and faith-based organization partners. To facilitate wider reach, community health workers (CHWs) with strong community connections, language fluency, deep cultural knowledge, and training in working with immigrant communities have been recruited for data collection. Survey modules will explore common measures asked by NCI-designated Centers on sociodemographic information and knowledge, attitude, and behaviors and also include assessment on contemporary topics related to the impact of COVID-19 on cancer screening and care, including telehealth services. Recruitment and data collection phases are ongoing. Conclusions: This survey will determine community-driven cancer-related priorities and available resources among under-resourced immigrant communities and will contribute to strategic planning and resource allocation for the PCC to meet the needs of this population.
ABSTRACT
With COVID-19 still present, bringing students safely back to campus is a critical task. COVID-19 testing has become synonymous with controlling an outbreak;however, concerns about how to safely test numerous students in a short amount of time have arisen. Simulation modeling and analysis provide valuable solutions by giving clear insights into complex systems. A discrete event simulation (DES) model is used to study a COVID-19 testing facility at a university. The aim of the simulation study is to optimally allocate limited resources, identify bottlenecks, and propose an alternative scheduling strategy to improve system performances. COVID-19 testing completion time, waiting time in queue, and throughput are assessed for efficiency and safety. The optimal ratio of resources allows for efficient allocation of resources, without reducing system capability. With standard scheduling of arrivals, long queues in the first 10 minutes increase the risk of COVID-19. Overlapping scheduling is a method of scheduling with overlapping time blocks that distributes arrivals more evenly. The proposed alternative of overlapping scheduling addresses the issue of long queues, potential close contacts, and low system operational efficiency. The proposed alternative reduces the maximum arrival queue by 64.51% and the maximum COVID-19 testing time by 16.67%. The proposed alternative can handle a 33.33% increase in demand, resulting in equal average COVID-19 testing times as the baseline model. © 2021 IISE Annual Conference and Expo 2021. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic is reshaping and complicating the world. Nowhere has it been more controversial and complex than in reopening plans for schools. Observing student behavior indicates that the dining hall services are a major area of concern in reopening plans. Careful consideration and focus need to be taken into account for dealing with high demands in short timeframes experienced at dining halls. The removal of masks while eating increases the probability of spreading germs between individuals, forming a potential hotspot for spreading if a breakout were to occur. The dining halls are a complex system, in which modeling student behavior becomes critical conditions for determining results. Using Simio, a simulation and modeling software, three dining hall models were created and analyzed to determine the optimal number of people that should be allowed into the system where COVID-19 protocols could be followed but did not cause workstations to be idle. Parameters for the simulations were created from student conducted time studies. Simulation provided the ability to effectively compare alternative models with different conditions. Cycle time as well as queuing time and length were calculated for each model, which indicated the effectiveness of the system on meeting demand. The instructional models were compared to the baseline model to validate the dining hall COVID-19 reopening policies. The analysis proved guidelines for the dining halls would help limit the number of close contacts and get students through the system quickly;overall helping campus dining services serve students safely and quickly. © 2021 IISE Annual Conference and Expo 2021. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To assess and trend fears surrounding elective surgeries and office procedures with a standardized questionnaire in benign gynecologic and urogynecologic patients during the Coronavirus-19 (COVID) pandemic.We hypothesized that COVID-related fear was greater in surgical patients over procedural patients, that surgical fearwould be greater than historic data, and that fear levels would increase with the course of the pandemic. Methods: This is a multicenter, prospective, observational study. Recruitment occurred from June 23, 2020 until March 23, 2021. Females 18 years or older presenting for elective, benign gynecologic or urogynecologic surgery or office procedures were eligible. Patients were excluded if non-English speaking or undergoing an emergent procedure or surgery. Fear was assessed with the Surgical Fear Questionnaire (SFQ), a validated 8-item survey that evaluates short term (questions 1-4) and long term (questions 5-8) fears related to surgery. We modified the SFQ to include 2-4 additional questions about the COVID-19 pandemic (mSFQ) and to apply to procedures (10 questions) and surgeries (14 questions) (Table 1). Questions were scored on a scale of 0-10 with 0 being 'not at all afraid' and 10 being 'very afraid'. Total SFQ scores and short and long term fear scores were compared between procedures and surgeries and to historic data (Theunissen et al, 2016). Results: 209 subjects undergoing 107 procedures or 102 surgeries completed the questionnaire. Demographics are shown in Table 1. The prevalence of chronic pain, depression, and anxiety was similar to national statistics. The most common procedure was urodynamics (n = 59, 55%). Themost common elective surgery was hysterectomy (n = 59, 57.8%). 72.5% surgeries were for urogynecologic indications. Fear assessed by the SFQ (12.21 ± 16.21) was overall low and not different in subjects undergoing procedures versus surgery (12.38 ± 12.44 vs 12.03 ± 16.01, P = 0.958). Similarly, fear was not different between procedures vs surgery for short term (6.21 ± 8.38 vs 6.81 ± 8.44, P = 0.726) and long term fear (6.18 ± 8.89 vs 5.22 ± 8.20, P = 0.683). The mSFQ, which captured COVID-specific fears, demonstrated higher fear scores for both procedures and surgeries compared to SFQ (mSFQ 20.57 ± 20.55 for procedures, 28.78 ± 28.51 for surgeries versus 12.21 ± 16.21 for SFQ). These included fear of hospitalization, overworked doctors, concern for family, etc (Table 1). There were no significant fluctuations in SFQ score in relation to critical COVID-19 events (Figure 1). We compared our data to the largest study of surgical fear in 428 women undergoing benign hysterectomy outside of a pandemic by Theunissen et al 2016 and found a significantly lower fear in our population in both the short (6.5 ± 8.39 vs 16 ± 9.9, P < 0.001) and long term(5.71 ± 8.56 vs 9.3 ± 8.6, p < 0.001) scores. This lower level of surgical fear persisted solely comparing our hysterectomy subjects to the aforementioned data in both short term (7.37 ± 8.62 vs 16 ± 9.9, p < 0.001) and long term (5.12 ± 7.14 vs 9.3 ± 8.6, P < 0.001) scores. Conclusions: Fear of surgeries and office procedures was overall low and consistent throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Compared to historic data, our patients had lower levels of surgical fear. Fear scores increased with the addition of COVID-specific questions, indicating some fear surrounding having a procedure or surgery during the pandemic. Interpretation of our results is limited by the fact that the patients surveyed had already decided to continue in-person care.